[line-3, body-2, active-color-interactive-accent]+ 1940s+ A Brief History of the RAND Corporation | RAND+ Lindsay Caplan mentions about [RAND](https://www.rand.org/about/history.html) as it is one of the first constitutions that is fostering computer arts.+ + 1940-1950s+ Emergence of Computers in the History+ The computer industry is relatively young in age when compared to most other industries. Measured from the date of the first computer installation in 1951, the industry is a little more than a decade old. The more significant date when discussing the industry's development would be the 1953-1954 period, when mass production techniques were applied to computer manufacture, and commercial electronic computers started to be produced on a large scale.Bell Labs and RAND Corporation started work on how they can utilize computers to create artistic works.+ [Generative Practice. The State Of The Art • Digicult | Digital Art, Design and Culture](http://digicult.it/digimag/issue-057/generative-practice-the-state-of-the-art/)+ 1950 + Computers and Automation+ ![[computers_and_automation_1975.png]] One of the earliest publications related to computational devices. Computers and Automation was the first magazine focused around digital technology. Published by Edmund C. Berkeley since 1950. Computers and Automation was the first computer magazine. It was originally called Roster of Organizations in the Field of Automatic Computing Machinery, and later The Computing Machinery Field. This publication initiated the first Computer Art Contest since 1963. A regular bibliography on computer art was compiled by Mezei, Leslie since 1966. Stopped publishing in 1972. This publication initiated the first Computer Art Contest in 1963. [José Luis Alexanco](http://puerta-roja.com/art/artists/jose-luis-alexanco/)‘s computer generated sculptural work is featured on the cover of the April 1975 edition.+ [source 1](https://archive.org/search.php?query=computers+And+Automation&page=8), [source 2](https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersAndAutomation)+ 1960+ Customized Drawing Machine by Desmond Paul Henry+ ![[Henry_Machine.jpeg]] Desmond Paul Henry created his first electromechanical Henry Drawing Machine in 1961, using an adapted analogue Bombsight Computer. His work was shown at the Reid Gallery in London in 1962, after his machine-generated art won him the privilege of a one-man exhibition. + [source](https://desmondhenry.com/)+ 1963+ One of the first Computer Art Contest+ ![[Computers_and_automation.jpg]]In 1963 two years before anything called computer art appeared in galleries the trade journal. <span>Computers and Automation Magazine</span> held its first Computer Art Contest. + [source](http://digicult.it/digimag/issue-057/generative-practice-the-state-of-the-art/) + 1962+ BEFLIX programming language at Bell Labs+ BEFLIX is the name of the first embedded domain-specific language for computer animation, invented by Ken Knowlton at Bell Labs in 1963. Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, Ken Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. Ken Knowlton invented the computer animation language BEFLIX. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll.+ [source1](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/BEFLIX)+ 1965+ The Projects of Generative Aesthetics+ ![[Max_Bense_1955.jpeg]]Max Bense published "The Projects of Generative Aesthetics." Originally published in Bense’s journal _Rot 19_, in **1965**.+ [source1](http://dpya.org/wiki/index.php/1965_-_Projects_of_generative_aesthetics_-_Max_Bense), [source 2](https://archive.org/details/bense-aesthetica-english-extract/)+ 1968+ Cybernetic Serendipity Exhibition+ ![[Cybernetic_Serendipidity_The_Computer_and_the_Arts.jpg]]In Great Britain, computer art became established following the [Cybernetic Serendipity](https://monoskop.org/Cybernetic_Serendipity) exhibition shown in the Institute of Contemporary Arts, curated by Jasia Reichardt in 1968.+ [source](https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/6611/)+ 1968+ Computer Arts Society Founded+ The Computer Arts Society was formed by Alan Sutcliffe, John Lansdown, and George Mallen in London, UK to promote the creative potential of computers in art. + [source](https://computer-arts-society.com/members/index.html), [source-2](Creative Simulations by Catherine Mason)+ 1968+ Fundamental Studies in Cybernetics and the Humanities+ Scientific Journal, Grundlagenstudien aus Kybernetik und Geisteswissenschaft (Fundamental Studies in Cybernetics and the Humanities) founded by Max Bense, Gotthard Grünther, Abraham A. Moles+ + 1969+ One of the first PHD on computer art+ Georg Nees published the first doctoral dissertation on computer art.+ [source](https://www.amazon.com/When-Machine-Made-Art-International/dp/1623568846)+ 1973+ Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH)+ In 1973, the inaugural SIGGRAPH conference was held in Boulder, Colorado. SIGGRAPH would become a major exposition and trade show for graphics research and, significantly, a crucial popularizer of computer art, especially in the 1980s when an exhibition component was added to the annual conference.+ [source](https://www.amazon.com/When-Machine-Made-Art-International/dp/1623568846)+ 1975+ Computers and People+ By 1975, Computers and People (formerly Computers and Automation) featured the work of 41 artists from 11 countries in its annual exposition.+ [source](https://www.amazon.com/When-Machine-Made-Art-International/dp/1623568846)+ 1976+ Computers Graphics & Art Magazine+ Computer Graphics & Art was a quarterly publication focused on computer graphics and computer artists. It was produced in Chico, CA and published by Berkeley Enterprises Inc. The magazine ran for 3 years and published 12 issues from 1976 to 1978. It aimed at students, teachers, researchers, and professionals in the field of graphics. The magazine was informative, useful and entertaining, covering a broad range of topics.+ [ReCode Project](http://recodeproject.com/), [Toplap](https://blog.toplap.org/2012/09/27/pdfs-of-computer-graphics-and-art/)+ 1976+ Book: Artist and Computer+ The book collects several artists of its time.+ [Link to source](https://www.atariarchives.org/artist/)+ 1979+ Ridley Scott's Alien: Control Panel Graphics+ ![[Nostromo_landing_1979.png]]George Mallen's company System Simulation Ltd. produced the control panel graphics for the Nostromo spaceship in the movie.+ [Creative Simulations by Catherine Mason](https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Simulations-Computer-Springer-Computing/dp/3031506197)